In 1961, the population of the district numbered 11,82,202 of which 3,85,021 were workers A study of the occupation structure of the working population reveals that 86,272 persons were engaged in miscellaneous occupations. The break-up according to the census report of 1961 was as follows :

In 1971, the population of the district rose to 14,47,702 and the workers numbered 3,95,253. Classification under various categories of economic activities differed from the previous arrangements resulting in a lower enumeration of miscellaneous workers whose number was recorded as 74,866. Further details of workers engaged in miscellaneous occupations can be obtained from the books of census of 1971 :

With the growing responsibility of the government towards planned economic and social development of the country, employment opportunities under the Central and State Governments at different levels have increased considerably. Beside" this, the activities in the public sector corporations and local bodies have also assumed vast dimensions. An idea of this may be had from the following statement :

Persons in the above services fall under the category of fixed income earners who are hard-hit by the ever increasing cost of living. However, comparative position of Central Government employees is much better than those under the employment of the State Government or the local bodies, if fringe benefits are taken into account. Dearness allowance is paid to all classes of employees it rates varying in accordance with their salaries. Other benefits like provident fund, free medical treatment etc., Other benefits like provident fund, free medical treatment etc. are available to government servants as well as employees of the local bodies. while pension facilities are available to government servants only. Leave rules have been revised by the government to provide more relief to temporary employees. Other benefits include grant of advances for purchase of conveyances and construction and repair of houses. Besides. either residential accommodation, at moderate rent is made available in Government colonies or suitable house-rent allowance is paid in lieu thereof. The benefit of non-practicing allowance is given to medical staff holding posts prohibiting private practice. The employees are free to form service associations or unions established under the Societies Registration Act XVI of 1060. for their welfare and for. protection and settlement of their service conditions. The state employees of the district have joined the State Employees' Joint Council or the Ministerial Employees Association which is affiliated to its parent body at the State level. The Authorities Employee association and the employees of the local State Road Transport Corporation are member of the Employees' Road Transport Corporation Joint Council. These are affiliated to the apex organisations at the State level.

LEARNED PROFESSIONS

In ancient times, education was considered to be the exclusive concern of religious teachers and institutions, such as the pathshalas and maktabs were run mostly by the Brahmanas and Maulvis. In those days, teaching was an act of philanthropy and consequently no regular fee was charged from the pupil. The modern system of education have gradually replaced the traditional class of village teachers by a professional class of school and college teachers. Teaching is still regarded as a noble profession. Vast avenues of employment have opened to the experienced teachers and, since 1974, they are paid better than other categories of employees. In 1961, the district had 3,186 teachers including 248 women. In 1971, their number increased to 6,463 including 971 women. The following statement shows the numbers of the primary and secondary school teachers employed by different agencies in 1971-72

Since 1954 the triple benefit scheme has been in force in the State-aided institutions run by local bodies. This scheme provides facilities of contributory provident fund, compulsory life insurance and pension to teachers. Payment of salaries to the teachers of those institutions which are on the grants-in-aid list of the State Government are made through cheques signed by the manager of fie institutions concerned and a nominee of the district inspector of schools, usually the associate inspector of schools. The teachers serving in the government institutions are entitled to all the benefits available to other State Government employees.

Teachers' wards are entitled to get free tuition upto intermediate classes. Needy and disabled teachers can get financial assistance from the National Foundation for Teachers' welfare Fund and those suffering from tuberculosis can get. admission to the Bhowali Sanatorium where certain seats are reserved for them. Principals, head-masters or head-mistresses of government higher secondary schools and government normal schools and lady teachers employed in primary schools in rural areas are entitled to get residential quarters. The teachers of the district have organised themselves into various associations like Madhyamik Shikshak Sangh constituted by teachers of the higher secondary schools of privately managed institutions and the Prathmik Shikshak Sangh formed by the teachers of the primary and junior high schools of the district. These associations are affiliated to their parent bodies at the State level. The main aims of these associations are to protect and promote the service interests of their members.

Before the advent of the British rule, Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine were practised by the vaids and hakims in the district. During the British rule the allopathic system of medicine was introduced and dispensaries were opened with the result that the Ayurvedic and Unani systems began to lose ground. In due course, the homoeopathic system also entered the field providing relief particularly to poor people.

In 1961, there were 434 medical practioners of all systems of medicine and 400 nurses, pharmacists and other medical and health technicians in the district. In 1975, the various hospitals and dispensaries had 60 doctors and 273 compounders, nurses and other staff.

A branch of the Indian Medical Association has been established in the district. The main aims of the association are to advance, medical and allied services in all the different branches of medical and public health to promote medical education and to maintain the efficiency and dignity of the medical profession. It has 16 members on roll in 1975.

The profession attracts fresh law graduates and a few retired persons possessing a degree in law. In 1961, there were about 239 practising lawyers in the district. They had one or more moharrirs (clerks) depending on the size of their clientele. The State Government appoints district government counsels for criminal, civil and revenue work from among eligible legal practioners to represent, the government in district courts. To lighten their load of work some lawyers are appointed as panel lawyers and special counsels. To conduct cases in lower criminal courts, the government appoints public prosecutors and assistant public prosecutors. The mode and source of their recruitment has been varying from time to time and is determined by the government.

With the influx of new entrants legal profession has become more competitive though not less remunerative, and some malpractices has crept in. Still it retains its high position in the society. Lawyers lead in almost all spheres of public activity, particularly those connected with social service and politics. Majority of the lawyers practise at the district headquarters as most pf the cases lie in courts located there. However, a few also practise at tahsil headquarters where subordinate courts are established.

The legal practitioners of the district have formed the Civil Bar Association. District Bar Association and Peoples Bar Association. In 1975, the three Associations had in all 195 members. The main objects of the associations are to create a feeling of brotherhood among the members, to maintain harmonious relations between the bench and the bar, to safeguard civil liberties of citizens and the interests of the legal profession and to offer suggestions for improvement in the administration of justice.

In 1975, there were four judges, one civil judge and three munsif magistrates. The pleaders numbered 360 including one lady advocate.

Engineering services in the district are represented mainly in four branches,, the building a id roads, the irrigation, the local self-government engineering and the hydel. They have separate divisions of survey, designs and construction. In 1974-75 there were four executive engineers. 12 assistant engineers and 77 junior engineers in the public works department; the irrigation department had two executive engineers, 12 assistant engineers and 42 junior engineers besides other mechanical staff; the Hydel department had only one executive engineer and four assistant engineers. The local self-government engineering department had one executive engineer and two assistant engineers. In 1975 the Zila Parishad had one civil engineer and. four junior engineers. A. number of overseers now called junior engineers, linemen and draughtmen are also employed in these branches. Several industrial establishments of the district have on their pay roll engineers and diploma holders. Besides these, there are some engineers, architects and surveyors who work privately.

DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICES

Domestic servants constitute a fair proportion of the population of the district. They are not necessarily unskilled workers but get lower wages as compared to other class of labourers. They render whole-time as well as limited or part-time services in houses. With the increasing cost of living, only rich people employ full-time domestic servants. Generally people engage part-time domestic servants. Usually these persons are paid their remuneration in cash but occasionally receive meals, garments and other amenities alongwith the rash. Generally they live in slums or in out-houses provided by their masters. They have no security of jobs and they themselves often change masters. In 1961 there were 1.262 house-keepers, cooks, maid servants and related workers of whom 21 were house keepers, matrons, stewards 424 cooks and cook-bearers, 812 butlers, bearers, waiters, maids and other servants, and 5 ayas and nursemaids. The number of cleaners, sweepers and watermen was 2,763.

In the past, barbers or nois and hajjnm.K used to visit families at regular intervals for rendering services hut with the advance of the time they have opened shops for the purpose and no longer move from house to house. Most of the hair cutting shops are in the urban areas. They are usually manned by more than one person, the owners generally employing paid workers. Some barbers attend their customers on road side pavements and save expenditure on establishment. The barbers still play a significant role in the life of the district, particularly in villages, as they have to perform traditional duties in rituals and sacraments like naming, mundan, marriages and deaths etc., when they are assisted by their women-folk as well. Formerly they played an important role in negotiating marriages but now the parents or the concerned parties themselves settle the marriages. According to the census of 1961, the number of barbers, hairdressers, beauticians and related workers was 2,170 of whom 584 worked in the urban areas, although the urban population is not more than one length of the district population.

The washermen still go from house to house to collect dirty clothes for washing specially in villages. In cities they go only to permanent customers' houses. However, most of the people are taking to washing at home for reasons of economy as well as due to large use of synthetic fabrics which are easily washable at home and are crease resistant. Besides, they dry up quickly and are ready for use again in no time. The laundaries and dry cleaning units are mainly located in the urban areas and are growing popular because they are prompt and regular in delivery of clothes. Conditions in the villages, however, have not undergone any substantial change. In 1961, there were 2,139 washermen including dry cleaners, launderers and pressers of whom only 605 worked in the urban areas.

In urban areas tailoring is considered to be an art and reeds specialised training. Big tailors use the scissors themselves but employ a number of workers on daily or monthly wager, for stitching and sundry jobs. In. the rural areas the entire work including work-cutting and stitching is done by a single individual. Kurtas, shirts and pyjamas, continue to be the chief items of tailored dress in rural areas where the women-folk hardly find time to pew their own or children's garments at home. In 1961. there were 2,280 tailors, dress makers and garment makers of whom 737 lived in the urban areas.

OTHER OCCUPATIONS

Among those pursuing certain other occupations in the district in 1961 there were 2.043 spinners, weavers, knitters, dyers and related workers 2,540 hawkers, peddlars and street vendors, 818 basket weavers and related workers, 1,534 brick layers, plasterers and masons, 441 crushers, pressers and related workers, 561 mechanics, repairmen , 2.612 potter- and related clay formers, 1,028 bakers, confectioners, candy and sweetmeat makers, 3,434 salesmen and shop assistants, 35 fishermen and related workers , 8 khandsari, sugar find our makers, 3 log-fellers and wood-cutters, 2,280 tailors and garment makers : 920 jewellery. goldsmiths and silversmiths , 4 jewellery engravers , 21 plumbers and pipe fitters, 15 tobacco preparers and product makers, 1,262 house keepers, cooks and maid servants , 4 cheroot, cigar and bidi makers : 27 photographers and related camera operators , 987 furnacemen, kilnmen and ovenmen; 798 shoe-makers and shoe-repairers; 154 dancers and related workers; 548 musician and related workers, 351 gardeners (mails) . 1,475 drivers for road transport . 1,249 drawers and weavers ; 4 hunters and related workers ; 99 precision instrument-makers, watch and clock makers and repairmen , 219 sawyers and wood working machinists ; 12 carpenters, joiners, cabinet makers and related workers , 7 stone cutters, stone carvers and stone dressers.